How to Decrypt a Caesar Cipher by Hand
A step-by-step guide to breaking a Caesar cipher with pen and paper by trying every shift, using letter frequencies, and testing likely words.
Guides & Articles
Long-form tutorials, deep dives and history behind the ciphers and codes powering our tools.
How-to
How to Decrypt a Message Without the Key
A practical workflow for identifying an unknown cipher, choosing a suitable attack, and deciding whether a keyless recovery is realistically possible.
How to Solve a Substitution Cipher
A systematic way to solve a simple substitution cryptogram using word patterns, letter frequencies, cribs, and a consistent mapping table.
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